A finite-element formulation has been developed to take into account the warping effect of composite beams. This formulation is to be used to model combined bending, torsional, and extensional behavior of composite beams. The new approach can model thin-walled beams with complicated cross sections, tapers, and arbitrary planforms. The strain is assumed to vary linearly through the wall thickness. V^arping effects are properly incorporated in the formulation by assuming small warping displacements superimposed over cross sections in the deformed configuration. Transverse shear deformations are included. Numerical tests of example problems demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the present approach. Comparisons of the present formulation with a shell element formulation and an experimental observation show excellent agreement.
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Stemple et al. (1988) studied this question.
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