Canonical operator theory of paraxial optics is generalized to address the case of misaligned optics. The formal group structure is extended from the aligned case in terms of Heisenberg–Weil and inhomogeneous canonical transforms and the associated 3 × 3 augmented ray matrices. Certain misalignment phase shifts that are often mistreated and ignored have been derived and incorporated into the theory.
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Nazarathy et al. (1986) studied this question.
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