Modified electrodes for electrochemical sensors

Chemically modified electrodes exhibit unique behavior that can greatly benefit electrochemical sensing. In this article we review the development and applications of modified electrodes for chemical sensing. After a general introduction, different strategies for surface modification, as employed in chemical sensing, are discussed in detail. Special attention is given to permselective coatings, which offer controlled access at the sensor surface or the surface immobilization of biological entities that specifically recognize the analyte. Better, understanding of these modified electrodes is achieved by using high resolution surface characterization techniques. Future prospects are evaluated.