Equivalent Circuit for a Passive Nonreciprocal Network

An equivalent circuit is proposed for a linear, passive, nonreciprocal, four-terminal network. It introduces an ideal amplifier and phase shifter. It is shown that the proposed equivalent circuit has certain advantages over equivalent network representations that use gyrators. In particular, standard measuring techniques used on reciprocal networks lead directly to the determination of six elements of the equivalent circuit. One additional measurement gives the remaining two parameters.