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In this article we will recall the main characteristics of electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) discharges for the production of multicharged ions and we will show basic limitations of ECRIS performances using the elementary zero dimension ionization equilibrium model. Then we will present main domains where the ion source characteristics are the limiting factor for the applications. The improvement of the technology of compact ECR ion sources dedicated to applications in special environments like on line isotopic separators or high-voltage platforms will be discussed. Finally, we will describe advanced ion sources projects for future production of very highly charged ions generally connected to superconducting devices.
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P. Sortais (1996) studied this question.
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