Evolution of Methods for Countering Drone-Based Airborne Threats

The purpose of this study was to identify key stages in the evolution of air defense concepts and evaluate effective approaches to neutralizing modern airborne threats, particularly drones. The research involved analyzing open scientific sources, defense agency reports, and systematizing cases of successful counteractions to drones, with a focus on countries like Israel, Turkey, the United States of America, and Ukraine. The study found that countermeasure effectiveness depends on integrating electronic warfare, cyber tools, physical interception, and artificial intelligence (AI)-based detection algorithms. The use of sensor platforms, electromagnetic countermeasures, and software components reduced response times and improved target disabling probability without kinetic effectors. However, existing air defense systems were largely unprepared for swarm attacks from miniature drones, with conventional weapons lacking energy autonomy for prolonged counteraction. The research highlighted the need for multi-layered defense architectures with a cognitive response cycle under 5 seconds and advanced AI integration. Additionally, international cooperation and information exchange were crucial for developing sustainable early warning systems. The study’s findings can inform the modernization of national air defense programs and regulatory frameworks addressing unmanned technology challenges.