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Low adhesion in the wheel/rail contact is a problem for the rail industry in Great Britain as it causes significant scheduling and safety issues. Applying sand to the wheel/rail contact is used to mitigate against low adhesion however, there is not a consensus on what makes a “good” particle for restoring adhesion, especially with regards to when the particle has entered the wheel/rail contact. The aim of this work was to investigate what particle characteristics had the greatest effect on wheel/rail adhesion and surface conditions, using a process of particle characterisation, tribological testing and statistical modelling. Particle size, shape, and hardness were all found to affect tribological performance. This knowledge can help guide future changes to sanding operations.
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Skipper et al. (2022) studied this question.
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