Solution to the X-ray Phase Problem Using Multiple Diffraction—a Review

The X-ray phase problem and solutions to it using multiple diffraction are reviewed, as well as the experimental arrangements for producing multiple diffraction. Both kinematic and dynamical theories of multi-beam diffraction are discussed, together with the relevant wavefields, polarization factors and dispersion surfaces. The historical developments in phase detection and determination are discussed at length, and the applications of multiple diffraction to crystal structure determination are briefly outlined.