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Challenges to unions worldwide are often framed in a strategic tension between enterprise unionism on one hand, and mobilisation for unions' continued relevance under neoliberal global capitalism on the other. However, research in a New Industrial Zone (NIZ) in India reveals a complex picture: a variety of unions across firms that are not always explained by existing definitions and models. Alongside political and enterprise unions, a third dimension emerges out of new forms of grassroots community links rooted in the living areas of workers. This paper argues for a socio‐historical institutional analysis of union–worker–firm–state relations under the new political economy of a NIZ, with a focus on workers' experiences and living areas, in order to explain the varied structures and strategies of unions.
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Anita Hammer (2010) studied this question.
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