Functional Specificity of CpG DNA-binding CXXC Domains in Mixed Lineage Leukemia

This is the authors' abstract. We don't add key points for this paper.

The MLL C XX C domain binds nonmethylated CpG-containing DNA and is essential for the oncogenic properties of MLL fusion proteins. To determine potential functional promiscuity of similar DNA binding domains, we replaced the MLL C XX C domain in the context of the leukemogenic MLL-AF9 fusion with C XX C domains from DNMT1, CGBP (CFP1), and MBD1, or with a methyl-CpG-binding domain (MBD) from MBD1. MLL(DNMT1 C XX C)-AF9 shows robust in vitro colony forming activity and in vivo leukemogenesis, similar to MLL-AF9. However, colony forming ability and leukemogenicity are abrogated in MLL-AF9 containing either the CGBP or MBD1 C XX C domains or the MBD1 MBD domain. Direct comparison of in vitro DNA binding affinity of the isolated C XX C or MBD domains demonstrated that MLL, DNMT1, and CGBP C XX C domains could each bind to unmethylated DNA but with differing affinity. In contrast, the isolated MBD1 C XX C and MBD1 MBD domains were unable to bind to the same DNA. However, all substituted domains still allowed targeting of the MLL fusions to the functionally important Hoxa9 locus in primary bone marrow progenitor cells. In addition to DNA binding activity, it was critical that specific CpG residues in the Hoxa9 locus were protected from methylation for leukemia development. This ultimately prevented histone 3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) of the locus and enabled Hoxa9 expression. These were properties shared by MLL and DNMT1 C XX C domains but not by CGBP C XX C or the other swapped fusions tested. We demonstrate that similar C XX C domains can be mechanistically distinguished by specificity of CpG nucleotides preferentially protected from DNA methylation. Background: The non-methyl-CpG DNA-binding C XX C domain is critical for MLL leukemia. Results: Only the DNMT1 C XX C domain substitutes in an MLL leukemia model because of similar capacity to protect from CpG DNA methylation and H3K9 methylation. Conclusion: Differential protection from specific CpG DNA methylation mechanistically distinguishes similar C XX C domains. Significance: C XX C domains have specific nonredundant activities that impact downstream regulatory functions.