Metals such as Au deposited on graphite substrates are found to migrate very easily when biased in scanning tunneling microscopes. Depending upon the film thickness and the tip voltage, a hillock surrounded by grooves or a hole surrounded by hillocks with a height of ∼±10 nm and a lateral dimension of ∼100 nm are formed. The mechanism of these surface-modification phenomena is discussed in light of electro- and thermomigration.
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Ohto et al. (1995) studied this question.
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