The effectiveness of pulsed electromagnetic field therapy in patients with shoulder impingement syndrome: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Figures

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  Fig 1. Flowchart of trial selection.

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  Fig 2. Forest plot of the effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields therapy on pain scores, showing that pulsed electromagnetic fields therapy resulted in significantly better short-term pain scores than placebo. Analysis was performed using standard mean difference with a random effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed by the I² statistic.

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  Fig 3. Forest plot of the effect of pulsed electromagnetic fields therapy on functional capacity, revealing that pulsed electromagnetic fields therapy resulted in significantly better short-term and long-term functional capacity than placebo. Analysis was performed using standard mean difference with a random effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed by the I² statistic.

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  Fig 4. Forest plot of subgroup analysis comparing high- and low-intensity pulsed electromagnetic field therapy effects on pain scores, showing that no significant differences were noted in pain scores for high- and low-intensity pulsed electromagnetic field therapy when each was compared to placebo. Analysis was performed using standard mean difference with a random effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed by the I² statistic.

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  Fig 5. Forest plot of subgroup analysis comparing high- and low-intensity pulsed electromagnetic field therapy effects on functional capacity, revealing that high-intensity pulsed electromagnetic fields therapy resulted in significantly functional capacity than placebo. Analysis was performed using standard mean difference with a random effects model, and heterogeneity was assessed by the I² statistic.