Does oscillation size matter? Impact of added resistance on the cerebral pressure‐flow Relationship in females and males

FIGURE 1. A visual representation of one participant performing the bodyweight squat‐stand maneuvers and the resistance squat‐stand maneuvers with 10% of the individual's bodyweight in each hand for the latter

FIGURE 2. The cerebral pressure‐flow relationship expressed through transfer function analysis metrics within the middle cerebral artery during bodyweight squat stand maneuvers (SSM) and resistance SSM (rSSM) at 0.05 Hz across the cardiac cycle. The following total number of participants (T), females (F), and males (M) were included for the comparisons within each phase of the cardiac cycle: diastole (22T/12F/10 M), mean (23T/12F/11 M), and systole (23T/12F/11 M). It is important to note the normalized gain (nGain) metrics were doubled and sextupled within the mean and systolic components of the cardiac cycle, respectively. This was done to provide a visual representation of the differences between metrics only, where all statistical analysis and interpretations were drawn from the raw data. Data are presented as mean ± 95% CIs. Two‐by‐two Analysis of Variance with generalized eta squared effect sizes were used to determine groups effects of type of squat, sex, and type‐by‐sex interaction. Post‐hoc comparisons were performed using Tukey's honestly significant difference pairwise comparisons with Cohen's deffect sizes. The asterisks (*) denotes where a task main effect difference was noted…

FIGURE 3. The cerebral pressure‐flow relationship expressed through transfer function analysis metrics within the posterior cerebral artery during bodyweight squat stand maneuvers (SSM) and resistance SSM (rSSM) at 0.05 Hz across the cardiac cycle. The following total number of participants (T), females (F), and males (M) were included for the comparisons within each phase of the cardiac cycle: Diastole (23T/11F/12 M), mean (24T/12F/12 M), and systole (22T/11F/11 M). It is important to note the normalized gain (nGain) metrics were doubled and sextupled within the mean and systolic components of the cardiac cycle, respectively. This was done to provide a visual representation of the differences between metrics only, where all statistical analysis and interpretations were drawn from the raw data. Data are presented as mean ± 95% CIs. Two‐by‐two Analysis of Variance with generalized eta squared effect sizes were used to determine groups effects of type of squat, sex, and type‐by‐sex interaction. Post‐hoc comparisons were performed using Tukey's honestly significant difference pairwise comparisons with Cohen's deffect sizes. The asterisks (*) denotes where a task main effect difference was…

FIGURE 4. The cerebral pressure‐flow relationship expressed through transfer function analysis metrics within the middle cerebral artery during bodyweight squat stand maneuvers (SSM) and resistance SSM (rSSM) at 0.10 Hz across the cardiac cycle. The following total number of participants (T), females (F), and males (M) were included for the comparisons within each phase of the cardiac cycle: Diastole (22T/12F/10 M), mean (23T/12F/11 M), and systole (23T/12F/11 M). It is important to note the normalized gain (nGain) metrics were doubled and sextupled within the mean and systolic components of the cardiac cycle, respectively. This was done to provide a visual representation of the differences between metrics only, where all statistical analysis and interpretations were drawn from the raw data. Data are presented as mean ±95% CIs. Two‐by‐two Analysis of Variance with generalized eta squared effect sizes were used to determine groups effects of type of squat, sex, and type‐by‐sex interaction. Post‐hoc comparisons were performed using Tukey's honestly significant difference pairwise comparisons with Cohen's deffect sizes. The asterisks (*) denotes where a task main effect difference was noted…

FIGURE 5. The cerebral pressure‐flow relationship expressed through transfer function analysis metrics within the posterior cerebral artery during bodyweight squat stand maneuvers (SSM) and resistance SSM (rSSM) at 0.10 Hz across the cardiac cycle. The following total number of participants (T), females (F), and males (M) were included for the comparisons within each phase of the cardiac cycle: diastole (23T/11F/12M), mean (24T/12F/12M), and systole (22T/11F/11M). It is important to note the normalized gain (nGain) metrics were doubled and sextupled within the mean and systolic components of the cardiac cycle, respectively. This was done to provide a visual representation of the differences between metrics only, where all statistical analysis and interpretations were drawn from the raw data. Data are presented as mean ± 95% CIs. Two‐by‐two Analysis of Variance with generalized eta squared effect sizes were used to determine groups effects of type of squat, sex, and type‐by‐sex interaction. Post‐hoc comparisons were performed using Tukey's honestly significant difference pairwise comparisons with Cohen's d effect sizes. The asterisks (*) denotes where a task main effect difference was noted…