Biological Properties of Magnesium Alloys and Alloying Elements Suitable for the Development of Biodegradable Implants for Osteosynthesis (Literature Review)

Background. In recent years, countries such as Japan, China, the United States, and others have been actively searching for bioresorbable materials for osteosynthesis that do not require removal. According to preliminary data, biodegradable osteosynthesis fixators possess osteoinductive and osteoproliferative properties, positively influencing bone healing at the fracture site. Currently, osteosynthesis involves the use of implants made of steel and titanium alloys. The main disadvantage of such fixators is the need for a secondary surgical procedure to remove them, which extends the patient’s disability period. Objective. This study aims to analyze and summarize scientific research on the effects of metal ions on bone tissue regeneration, vascularization, and surrounding tissues when using biodegradable materials for osteosynthesis of fractures at the current stage. Materials and Methods. Based on data from the scientometric databases Scopus and Web of Science, a systematic approach, along with bibliosemantic and analytical methods, was applied. Results and Discussion. Modern tissue engineering is gradually shifting from the use of bioinert materials to the development and implementation of biodegradable materials capable of actively stimulating tissue regeneration. It has been established that metal ions play a key role in the biological processes of the human body. In particular, zinc (Zn), boron (B), and zirconium (Zr) ions have significant potential in stimulating the development and regeneration of bone tissue. They contribute to biochemical reactions involved in bone metabolism, enhance regenerative processes, and positively influence the activity of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, immune system cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts. The degradation products of magnesium (Mg)-based implants play an important role in shaping the bone microenvironment, participating in complex interactions between osteoblasts, osteoclasts, endothelial cells, and immune cells. This contributes to effective bone tissue regeneration.