Realization of impedance function using current conveyors

An approach for the realization of impedance function using the nullator-norator models of current conveyors (CCIIs) is proposed. By introducing the nullator-norator technique to CCII circuits, a number of simulation circuits can be systematically obtained. The obtained circuits have been easily expanded to ones for realizing the higher-order impedance function by using additional CCIIs. The realized impedance function is insensitive to the current tracking errors of CCIIs. As examples of its application, third-order high-pass and low-pass filters are shown with the experimental results.