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Models are proposed for a modulated smectic phase (Ã) and the cubic smectics (D and a nameless phase) that are based on the material properties of the single smectic layer such as curvature elasticity and boundary (or inversion wall) energies. They furnish criteria for the transformation of regular smectics (A, C) into these phases.
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W. Helfrich (1987) studied this question.
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