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Five hundred twenty-five cases of papillary carcinoma of the thyroid, diagnosed at autopsy in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan, were investigated for sex differences; 274 cases were found in 1,453 females, 251 in 1,614 males. The greatest dimensions of the tumors by sex have log-normal distributions, with mean 0.20 cm for females and 0.13 cm for males. Tumors in females were, as a population, significantly larger than tumors in males (p < .001). The data are in agreement with the presence of a growth-promoting factor which is greater in females than in males. Tumors initiated by radiation and those initiated by other causes seem to be equally promoted by this factor.
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Sampson et al. (1970) studied this question.
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