Three-dimensional bioprinting of auricular cartilage: A review

Auricular reconstruction is one of the greatest challenges to plastic surgeons. Auricular reconstruction using autologous cartilage is considered to be the standard procedure, however, autograft absorption and donor site morbidity are still inevitable. The utilization of alloplastic implants made of silicone or polyethylene are associated with risks such as infection, extrusion, non-biocompatibility, and uncertain long-term durability. Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting shows great potential in creating fine structures with selectively spatial distribution of biomaterials, biomolecules, and living cells, which is promising for functional auricle scaffold preparation. This paper presents current advances about the bioprinting of auricle scaffold, including auricular reconstruction and 3D bioprinting concepts, biomaterials, cell sources, and bioactive constituents. And finally, the limit of current technology and future developments are highlighted.