Introduction of imidazolium ionic liquid pattern to the catalyst not only avoided catalyst leaching but also increased the stability of catalyst in ionic liquid, and thus, the Rh-complex of 1,4-bisphosphine bearing two imidazolium salt moieties was successfully immobilized in an ionic liquid and reused several times for the hydrogenation of an enamide without significant loss of catalytic efficiency.
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Lee et al. (2003) studied this question.
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