Most of the waveguide grating router's loss comes from fiber coupling and star coupler. Our three-dimensional (3-D) models quantifies both losses. In addition, we study how various waveguide parameters affect the value and nonuniformity of this loss. Our optimization yields a design where the total fiber-to-fiber insertion loss can be reduced to 0.535 dB.
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Chen et al. (1997) studied this question.
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