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DRE is defined as the failure of two tolerated and appropriately chosen antiepileptic drug schedules (either monotherapy or combination) to achieve sustained seizure freedom. 1 Epilepsy affects approximately 50 million people worldwide, with an estimated third continuing to experience refractory seizures despite suitable intervention with ASMs.[2][3][4] The majority of patients who achieve seizure freedom do so after their first or second ASM regimen, with any subsequently attempted ASM regimen having a diminished likelihood of seizure freedom.
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Yolande Chalmers (2025) studied this question.
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