Alterations of the Salivary Secretory Peptidome Profile in Children Affected by Type 1 Diabetes

The acidic soluble fraction of whole saliva of type 1 diabetic children was analyzed by reversed phase (RP) 1The abbreviations used are:aPRPssalivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteinsbPRPsbasic salivary proline-rich proteinsP-Bproline-rich peptide P-BRPreversed phaseIgimmunoglobulinXICextracted ion currentPRPproline-rich proteinsHst-1histatin-1. 1The abbreviations used are:aPRPssalivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteinsbPRPsbasic salivary proline-rich proteinsP-Bproline-rich peptide P-BRPreversed phaseIgimmunoglobulinXICextracted ion currentPRPproline-rich proteinsHst-1histatin-1.–HPLC-ESI-MS and compared with that of sex- and age-matched control subjects. Salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins (aPRP), histatins, α-defensins, salivary cystatins, statherin, proline-rich peptide P-B (P-B), beta-thymosins, S100A8 and S100A9*(S100A9* corresponds to S100A9 vairant lacking the first four amino acids), as well some naturally occurring peptides derived from salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins, histatins, statherin, and P-B peptide, were detected and quantified on the basis of the extracted ion current peak area. The level of phosphorylation of salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins, histatin-1 (Hst-1), statherin and S100A9* and the percentage of truncated forms of salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins was also determined in the two groups. The study revealed that statherin, proline-rich peptide P-B, P-C peptide, and histatins, were significantly less concentrated in saliva of diabetic subjects than in controls, while concentration of α-defensins 1, 2 and 4 and S100A9* was higher. The low concentration of P-C peptide was paralleled by high levels of some of its fragments. On the whole, the study highlighted the severe impairment of the repertoire of peptides involved in the safeguard of the oral cavity in children who have diabetes, as well as an higher concentration of the proinflammatory mediator S100A9* with respect to healthy children. The acidic soluble fraction of whole saliva of type 1 diabetic children was analyzed by reversed phase (RP) 1The abbreviations used are:aPRPssalivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteinsbPRPsbasic salivary proline-rich proteinsP-Bproline-rich peptide P-BRPreversed phaseIgimmunoglobulinXICextracted ion currentPRPproline-rich proteinsHst-1histatin-1. 1The abbreviations used are:aPRPssalivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteinsbPRPsbasic salivary proline-rich proteinsP-Bproline-rich peptide P-BRPreversed phaseIgimmunoglobulinXICextracted ion currentPRPproline-rich proteinsHst-1histatin-1.–HPLC-ESI-MS and compared with that of sex- and age-matched control subjects. Salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins (aPRP), histatins, α-defensins, salivary cystatins, statherin, proline-rich peptide P-B (P-B), beta-thymosins, S100A8 and S100A9*(S100A9* corresponds to S100A9 vairant lacking the first four amino acids), as well some naturally occurring peptides derived from salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins, histatins, statherin, and P-B peptide, were detected and quantified on the basis of the extracted ion current peak area. The level of phosphorylation of salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins, histatin-1 (Hst-1), statherin and S100A9* and the percentage of truncated forms of salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins was also determined in the two groups. The study revealed that statherin, proline-rich peptide P-B, P-C peptide, and histatins, were significantly less concentrated in saliva of diabetic subjects than in controls, while concentration of α-defensins 1, 2 and 4 and S100A9* was higher. The low concentration of P-C peptide was paralleled by high levels of some of its fragments. On the whole, the study highlighted the severe impairment of the repertoire of peptides involved in the safeguard of the oral cavity in children who have diabetes, as well as an higher concentration of the proinflammatory mediator S100A9* with respect to healthy children. salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins basic salivary proline-rich proteins proline-rich peptide P-B reversed phase immunoglobulin extracted ion current proline-rich proteins histatin-1. salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins basic salivary proline-rich proteins proline-rich peptide P-B reversed phase immunoglobulin extracted ion current proline-rich proteins histatin-1. Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a disease with universal distribution, affecting all populations (1Soltesz G. Patterson C.C. Dahlquist G. EURODIAB Study Group Worldwide childhood type 1 diabetes incidence–what can we learn from epidemiology?.Pediatr. 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Fleva A. Papanayiotou P.H. Salivary alterations in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.Int. J. Paediatr. Dent. 1998; 8: 29-33Crossref PubMed Google Scholar). In a study in diabetic a of the concentration of lactoferrin, and salivary in stimulated and of total lactoferrin, and in stimulated saliva was shown with respect to controls Salivary alterations in type 2 diabetes mellitus and Dent. Oral PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). In the study it was also that salivary concentration did not significantly differ between diabetics and controls. The of increased of salivary proteins in diabetics is to to oral with respect to patients who not have In study we the composition of the acidic soluble fraction of whole saliva by in a of children and diabetics in with a sex- and age-matched healthy control The highlighted that type 1 diabetes is with a of the salivary and were of and were from and The study and forms were by the of the of of the of to the of the of The study was to both and and to in the study was from a patients were the of and controls the of and of the The subjects were children and with diabetes of determined the by the was The control the of subjects and with the saliva was to a did not or for was between and saliva was as it the of the with a for less than and to a acidic was to salivary in in and the 4 for The acidic was from the and either analyzed by the to of or the The was a by a to a and the The was either a with a or a with the used for the of the of S100A9* The were used for and in and the flow rate was Salivary proteins were a from to of in for the was from to of in and from to of in The to flow the and to flow the the first of the was not the to from the high The was and were in the ion The was the was and were an with an and to an a were by a the and in The was from to from to a flow rate of were in and in the for with the of and and range The were and by and were in the and V. acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins, histatins, α-defensins, salivary cystatins, statherin, proline-rich peptide P-B, and and naturally occurring peptides derived from salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins, histatins, statherin, and P-B peptide have been in studies R. 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M. and for the of salivary a 7: Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google 1 2 and 4 A. I. G. M.E. G. A. T. V. M. M. B. M. of the salivary by the of and 2003; PubMed Scopus Google 2 2 and 2 2 2 The type the and with a of 1 The type the truncated and R. T. G. A. M. M. I. and of salivary acidic proline-rich PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). in a new and of statherin, proline-rich peptide P-B, beta-thymosins, S100A9* proteins and or and R. T. A. M. G. A. B. I. M. in saliva of statherin and P-B and 2006; PubMed Scopus Google R. T. A. M. G. A. B. I. M. in saliva of statherin and P-B and 2006; PubMed Scopus Google R. T. A. M. G. A. B. I. M. in saliva of statherin and P-B and 2006; PubMed Scopus Google R. T. A. M. G. A. B. I. M. in saliva of statherin and P-B and 2006; PubMed Scopus Google R. T. A. M. G. A. B. I. M. in saliva of statherin and P-B and 2006; PubMed Scopus Google Scholar, R. of salivary peptides PubMed Scopus Google R. T. A. M. G. A. B. I. 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I. of oral that is the of oral and Sci. 2009; PubMed Scopus Google 1 1 1 1 1 in a new the of the salivary proteins and not by some were also to to the were analyzed by the on as of to the protein The were used for peptide than for peptide and and for and were also by of by the and with the the the The was considered all the with a higher than were in the and the between the and were less than in are reported as of S100A9* and were also by and low of S100A9* were from a salivary by a a flow rate of and the and in The was from to of in and from to in The peak of and analyzed by to the of S100A9* was to by the to the The was with of and analyzed by as showed the of four of were to on the and The of the peptide did not of of of and of were were compared with the the the The was considered all the with a higher than were in the and the between the and were less than was on the of the extracted ion current considered the was the of the is to the concentration M. 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The were used to S100A8 and S100A9* and S100A9* S100A9* S100A9* S100A9* of statherin, type proteins and S100A9* not were on the basis of the peak percentage of statherin statherin 2 percentage of percentage of type proteins proline-rich 2 and percentage of S100A9* S100A9* and forms both and not The percentage of truncated for was on the basis of the peak total The was used for and were for all the peak area. and are reported in both the of and and are shown to the on The was used to the two groups. was considered the was less than of salivary peptides extracted ion current peak between diabetics and controls. or peptide four of two and not not the of diabetics The four of The two and not not in a new ion current peak of new of salivary peptides and proteins a concentration between diabetics and peptide peptide peptide peptide peptide peptide peptide peptide peptide peptide peptide peptide the of diabetics controls. in a new The the of diabetics controls. 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I. of the Salivary Res. 2009; 8: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). of salivary proteins and naturally occurring peptides were determined by and the in the two study is shown in of the peak revealed that statherin and proline-rich peptide P-B, P-C peptide, and were significantly less concentrated in saliva of diabetic patients than in controls, the levels of α-defensins 1, and 4 were significantly in saliva of control subjects also found that concentration of S100A9* of and not was significantly higher in diabetics than in controls The was the of Conversely, S100A8 levels were not significantly in the two The reduced concentration of P-C peptide was the level of type from P-C peptide is by a the level of the type was significantly in the two between diabetics and controls related to a of occurring in the oral we for not in the of saliva of were detected in the range of revealed were not detected in of were also in saliva of controls, and The by of the peak showed that peptides were significantly concentrated in saliva of diabetics than in controls The of peptides was determined by ion of to the of P-C P-C peptide P-C peptide P-C peptide P-C peptide P-C peptide P-C peptide P-C peptide peptides to of type proteins and of type two for of type The low of is in with the of in the peak of acidic between diabetics and controls. the have not been an from salivary to from P-C peptide, the concentration of statherin in saliva of diabetics with respect to controls was not paralleled by an higher concentration of statherin and the level of statherin a by a was found to in diabetics phosphorylation level of statherin, and by the of statherin, and did not show in the two Conversely, the percentage of total S100A9* not was significantly in the it is to that the of phosphorylation of S100A9* is a The percentage of truncated salivary acidic proline-rich phosphoproteins did not show in the two of salivary peptides and proteins found in saliva of diabetics higher concentration than in of used to peptide peptide peptide peptide peptide peptide peptide not in a new not In a to the of the of the on salivary protein we that the of basic is and that salivary proteins the concentration found in adults of T. E. R. A. B. R. B. M. I. of the Salivary Res. 2009; 8: PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). the of the subjects for study was between basic were not considered in the study revealed that protein composition of saliva of diabetic patients is from that of sex- and age-matched controls, both from a and from a of proline-rich peptide P-B, P-C peptide, and were found significantly less concentrated in saliva of diabetics, α-defensins 1, and S100A9* and several by occurring in the showed a higher that peptides were by P-C peptide fragments. and of P-C peptide have been detected in saliva from healthy subjects E. of as a of Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus Google Scholar). association of and to high of caries and the of in saliva of subjects affected by were also reported M. H. D. D. H. of the salivary and and peptide J. Res. 2007; Scopus (70) Google Scholar). The also detected and in whole saliva of normal subjects, were found in saliva in study M. G. 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