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Assessment of pain, anxiety, nausea, and vomiting in children and adolescents has some unique features which require special consideration. Developmental needs are outlined and data on assessment of pain and anxiety in infants, children, and adolescents are reviewed. Specifically, behavioral, physiological, and self-assessment methods are summarized and critiqued. The interrelationships between these methods are discussed, while a focus on the clinical meaning of these data is maintained. The limited data on nausea and vomiting in children receiving chemotherapy are also reviewed. Recommendations are made regarding the clinical usefulness of assessment methods for pain, anxiety, nausea, and vomiting in children, while areas of controversy are pointed out.
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Zeltzer et al. (1986) studied this question.
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