The energetics of point-defect formation in ionic crystals based on VK+e recombination has been investigated in detail. A sequence of [110] replacement collisions involving a neutral halogen atom is energetically possible and leads to the formation of well-separated F and H centers. Zero-point energy vibrational and librational amplitudes may lead to defocusing of the early collisions and to the creation of nearby F and H centers from which subsequently F⁺ centers (vacancies) and I centers (interstitial ions) can be formed. Direct formation of these charged centers by a replacement sequence is not possible.
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Smoluchowski et al. (1971) studied this question.
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