The Authors observed, in Italy, over a number of years, isolated and grouped trees of the genus Quercus that declined over one or more vegetative seasons. The spread was very fast; in fact the trees declined in the course of 2–3 vegetative seasons. A series of symptoms was observed: production of epicormic shoots, yellowing of leaves, laceration of the bark, bleeding from the trunk. Many fungi were isolated: Armillaria spp., Cephalosporium spp., Cladosporium spp., Cylindrocarpon spp., Diplodia mutila, Hypoxylon mediterraneum, Phoma cavae, Pbomopsis quercina, Sporotrix spp. Future research will attempt to ascertain the possible causes of the decline.
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Ragazzi et al. (1989) studied this question.