Mechanical tests of most ceramics are subject to more stringent requirements than tests of materials which can undergo plastic deformation. The present paper identifies and discusses sources of stress concentrations and spurious displacements which may be imposed during 4‐point bend tests of ceramic materials. Particular areas of concern involve unequal moments at the inner loading points, twisting resulting from skewed contact lines, wedging stresses at point contacts, and counter moments produced by friction at the loading‐point‐specimen interface. A bend fixture incorporating design features which significantly reduce these effects is described, and results of measurements of the surface stresses in calibration specimens under load in the fixture are presented.
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Hoagland et al. (1976) studied this question.
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