Artificial Intelligence in Total Ankle Arthroplasty—What does the Future Hold: A Narrative Review

studies may be considered the tip of the iceberg with regard to the clinical applications of AI in joint arthroplasty surgery.Despite the numerous studies addressing AI in orthopedics, none specifically delve into the application of AI in the context of total ankle arthroplasty (TAA).This noticeable gap in the literature may be attributed to its status as the "younger sibling" IntroductIonArtificial intelligence (AI) is a diverse field in computer science that involves constructing intelligent machines that are programmed to think, learn, and execute tasks that traditionally require human cognition.1 There are various subsets within AI, including machine learning (ML), which employs statistical techniques to train algorithms for pattern recognition and decision-making without explicit programming.2 Deep learning (DL) is a form of ML, where neural network (NN) models, which have multiple layers to resemble the workings of a human brain, work to provide automated learning of hierarchical representations of data.Current progress features large language models (LLMs) that integrate AI algorithms utilizing DL and extensive datasets to produce human-like responses to natural language input such as ChatGPT (OpenAI, San Francisco, CA). 3 Artificial intelligence's rapid expansion is reshaping the landscape of clinical medicine, providing a new frontier for opportunities to enhance patient care while also raising many technical and ethical questions. 4 Within the field of orthopedics, the application of AI in joint arthroplasty surgery has emerged as a focal point of exploration.Tokgöz explored the utilization of AI in total hip arthroplasty (THA), ranging from THA-related economic analysis and payment models to implant failure detection.5 Similarly, Batailler et al. reviewed applications in total knee arthroplasty (TKA), concluding that AI-based tools could enhance preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative phases of TKA. 6 These recent