Ophthalmic regional anaesthesia: A review and update

Local anaesthetic techniques are increasingly popular for ophthalmic surgery. It is now being provided mainly by anaesthesiologists and varies from an akinetic injection technique to a non-akinetic topical technique. Each technique has its own risk/benefit profile, and proven to be highly successful if performed correctly. The choice of the technique should be individualized based upon specific needs of the patient, the nature and extent of eye surgery, and the anaesthesiologist's and surgeon's preferences and skill. This review article attempts to outline the orbital anatomy, discuss the commonly used agents, current method of pre-operative preparation, available clinical techniques and their inherent complications.