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L-subshell ionization cross-section ratios for heavy elements induced by protons, α's, carbon ions, and oxygen ions in the range 0.5 to 6.0 MeV/amu have been investigated. The resulting ratios of σ_L₁σ_L₂ and σ_L₃σ_L₂ show large deviations from the plane-wave-Born-approximation, semiclassical-approximation, and binary-encounter-approximation predictions below 2 MeV/amu. These deviations are more pronounced for higher projectile charges.
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Li et al. (1976) studied this question.
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