Simultaneous α β decay: A new mode of nuclear instability

We propose simultaneous $αβ$ decay as a novel mode of nuclear instability that involves the strong and weak interactions in a single quantum transition. We develop a theoretical framework to predict its branching ratios and $α$-energy spectra, establishing exclusive and inclusive criteria based on whether the individual $α$ and $β$ channels are closed or open. A global survey of the nuclear chart identifies five exclusive αβ⁻ candidates, all predicted to be experimentally inaccessible, and ranks the leading inclusive candidates for both the αβ⁻ and αβ⁺ modes. Remarkably, six of the top αβ⁺ candidates coincide with known $β$-delayed-$α$ precursors. The observed $α$ spectra are naturally accounted for by simultaneous αβ⁺ emission without additional assumptions, indicating a substantial and possibly dominant direct component. Our findings establish simultaneous $αβ$ decay as a distinct radioactive process and a sensitive probe of the interplay between the strong and weak interactions.