A Review of Drying Models Including Shrinkage Effects

This article presents a review of the different strategies used in the literature to model drying processes in which material shrinkage occurs. An analysis is provided of the different drying theories, the different approaches to deal with the shrinkage phenomenon, and the numerical methods used. It is common practice to directly apply the transfer models applicable for non-shrinking situations to the shrinking cases and to adopt a separate procedure to account for shrinkage. In addition, the use of effective transfer coefficients also abounds in the literature. Thus, coupling between the transfer processes and mechanical interactions is rarely considered.