Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction Assessed by Intracoronary Acetylcholine Provocation Testing Is a Frequent Cause of Ischemia and Angina in Patients With Exercise‐Induced Electrocardiographic Changes and Unobstructed Coronary Arteries

BACKGROUND: The exercise electrocardiogram (ECG) is a standard examination in patients with suspected coronary artery disease. However, despite a pathologic result, many patients undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography do not have any significant epicardial stenosis. In this study, we assessed the relation between a pathologic exercise ECG and coronary microvascular dysfunction in response to intracoronary acetylcholine (ACh) provocation in patients without any relevant epicardial stenosis. HYPOTHESIS: Coronary microvascular dysfunction is significantly more often in patients with angina, unobstructed coronary arteries and a pathologic exercise stress test compared to those without pathologic stress test. METHODS: This study recruited 137 consecutive patients with exertional angina pectoris who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography between September 2008 and April 2011 (68% women; mean age, 63 ± 10 years). In none of the patients was there a stenosis of >50%. All patients underwent an exercise ECG before angiography and intracoronary ACh provocation testing for assessment of coronary vasomotor responses directly after angiography. RESULTS: The exercise ECG showed an abnormal result in 69 patients (50%; ST-segment depression ≥0.1 mV and/or reproduction of the patient's usual symptoms). The ACh test revealed a coronary vasomotor abnormality (reproduction of the patient's symptoms, ischemic ECG shifts ± diffuse distal vasoconstriction) in 87 patients (64%). Such a result was significantly more often found in patients with a pathologic exercise ECG (50/69 [72%] vs 19/69 [28%], P = 0.034). There were no other statistically significant differences between patients with and those without pathologic exercise ECG. CONCLUSIONS: Coronary microvascular dysfunction is frequently found in patients with exertional angina pectoris and unobstructed coronary arteries. Such a finding is found significantly more often in presence of a pathologic exercise ECG.