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techniques are highlighted as powerful tools for probing intermediate evolution and valence changes and further elucidating the catalytic mechanism. Furthermore, key strategies for enhancing catalytic activity and durability, such as elemental doping, the support effect, surface protection and novel phase design, are discussed. Finally, this review provides insights into the remaining challenges and emerging opportunities for advancing practical oxygen evolution catalysts in PEMWEs.
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Han et al. (2025) studied this question.
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