Utilization of a biosorbent derived from plant residues for the treatment of water contaminated with rhodamine B: preparation and characterization

at 20 °C. Kinetic modeling indicated that the pseudo-second-order model best described the process, pointing to chemisorption as the dominant mechanism. Thermodynamic results confirmed the spontaneous and endothermic nature of RhB adsorption. Furthermore, regeneration tests revealed that the biosorbent retained high efficiency over multiple cycles, demonstrating its potential as a sustainable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly material for wastewater treatment.