Low serum level of apolipoprotein A1 may predict the severity of COVID‐19: A retrospective study

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  FIGURE 1. Comparisons of blood lipids among the healthy controls, non‐severe group, and severe group. Data are presented as medians (interquartile ranges). (A) The total cholesterol levels in the healthy controls, non‐severe group, and severe group were 4.97 (4.55–5.79), 4.08 (3.69–4.63), and 3.58 (3.06–3.85) mmol/L, respectively. (B) The triglyceride levels in the healthy controls, non‐severe group, and severe group were 1.04 (0.85–1.43), 1.44 (0.98–2.00), and 1.22 (0.83–2.29) mmol/L, respectively. (C) The HDL‐C levels in the healthy controls, non‐severe group, and severe group were 1.62 (1.35–1.92), 1.09 (0.91–1.29), and 0.93 (0.82–1.00) mmol/L, respectively. (D) The LDL‐C levels in the healthy controls, non‐severe group, and severe group were 2.77 (2.40–3.42), 2.54 (2.18–2.85), and 2.21 (1.93–2.49) mmol/L, respectively. (E) The ApoA1 levels in the healthy controls, non‐severe group, and severe group were 1.45 (1.31–1.65), 1.22 (1.12–1.34), and 0.98 (0.89–1.08) g/L, respectively. (F) The ApoB levels in the healthy controls, non‐severe group, and severe group were 0.86 (0.72–1.01), 0.81 (0.71–0.94), and 0.76 (0.66–0.86) g/L, respectively. (G) The lipoprotein (a) levels in the healthy…

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  FIGURE 2. Univariate logistic regression of risk factors for COVID‐19 severity. Old age, high BMI, hypertension, increased neutrophil%, fibrinogen, C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐10, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactic dehydrogenase and decreased lymphocyte%, lymphocyte count, platelet count, HDL‐C, apolipoprotein A1, and albumin were associated with the severity of COVID‐19 in univariate logistic regression analysis (all p < 0.05). COVID‐19: coronavirus disease 2019, OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; HDL‐C, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL‐C, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol

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  FIGURE 3. Multivariate logistic regression of independent risk factors for COVID‐19 severity. After adjusting for other potential risk factors, increased IL‐6 (OR: 1.097, 95% CI: 1.034–1.165, p = 0.002) and decreased ApoA1 (OR: 0.865, 95% CI: 0.800–0.935, p < 0.001) were recognized as independent risk factors for COVID‐19 severity. COVID‐19: coronavirus disease 2019, OR: odds ratio, CI: confidence interval

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  FIGURE 4. Receiver operator characteristic curves of total cholesterol, HDL‐C, LDL‐C, ApoA1, IL‐6, and risk model for the severity of COVID‐19. COVID‐19: coronavirus disease 2019, HDL‐C: high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL‐C: low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, ApoA1: apolipoprotein A1, IL‐6: interleukin‐6