We extend Büttiker's approach to the quantum Hall effect ( Phys. Rev. B , 38 (1988) 9375) to the regime where the applied voltage exceeds the cyclotron energy. Then both edge and bulk states are relevant for the charge transport and we discuss how these states are (de-) populated by the current contacts. For large voltages nonequilibrium effects are induced by the electron-injection contact only. This explains the intrinsic asymmetry observed in experiments on the breakdown of the quantum Hall effect.
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Son et al. (1990) studied this question.
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