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In the simulation of rapid transient events in fluid-filled pipelines, the method of characteristics is recognized to provide reliable results during the first pressure excursion. However, if a long term oscillatory response of a rapid event is needed, traditional methods of evaluating viscous losses are inadequate in low Reynolds number turbulent flow events. This paper looks at a method to implement frequency-dependent viscous losses in the method of characteristics for turbulent flow and provides comparisons with experimental records.
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E. Benjamin Wylie (1997) studied this question.
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