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Biological samples having different characteristics were observed by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM). The environmental conditions for untreated biological samples was determined by optimizing sample temperature and chamber pressure. When the temperature was at 4 degrees - 6 degrees C and chamber pressure was 5.2-5.9 Torr, the relative humidity in the specimen chamber was about 85%. Under these conditions, the surface features of the sample were completely exposed and did not exhibit charging. The images obtained from the untreated samples at different ESEM conditions were also compared with fixed and coated samples observed under high vacuum.
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Tai et al. (2001) studied this question.
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