Fullerene Thermochemical Stability: Accurate Heats of Formation for Small Fullerenes, the Importance of Structural Deformation on Reactivity, and the Special Stability of C 60

We have used quantum chemistry computations, in conjunction with isodesmic-type reactions, to obtain accurate heats of formation (HoFs) for the small fullerenes C 20 (2358.2 ± 8.0 kJ mol –1 ), C 24 (2566.2 ± 7.6), and the lowest-energy isomers of C 32 (2461.1 ± 15.4), C 42 (2629.0 ± 20.5), and C 54 (2686.2 ± 25.3). As part of this endeavor, we have also obtained accurate HoFs for several medium-sized molecules, namely 216.6 ± 1.4 for fulvene, 375.5 ± 1.5 for pentalene, 670.8 ± 2.9 for acepentalene, and 262.7 ± 2.5 for acenaphthylene. We combine the energies of the small fullerenes and previously obtained energies for larger fullerenes (from C 60 to C 6000 ) into a full picture of fullerene thermochemical stability. In general, the per-carbon energies can be reasonably approximated by the “R+D” model that we have previously developed [Chan et al. J. Chem. Theory Comput . 2019, 15, 1255−1264], which takes into account R esonance and structural D eformation factors. In a case study on C 54, we find that most of the high-deformation-energy atoms correspond to the sites of the C–Cl bond in the experimentally captured C 54 Cl 8 . In another case study, we find that C 60 has the lowest value for the maximum local-deformation energy when compared with similar-sized fullerenes, which is consistent with its “special stability”. These results are indicative of structural deformation playing an important role in the reactivity of fullerenes.