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Wnt and TGFβ signaling play an essential role in the regulation of myocardialization during cardiac development, with Wnt-mediated non-canonical planar cell polarity signaling being a crucial regulator.
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This review highlights the essential roles of Wnt and TGFβ signaling in the myocardialization of the mesenchymal outlet septum during cardiac development.
After the formation of the linear heart tube, it becomes divided into right and left components by the process of septation. Relatively late during this process, within the developing outflow tract, the initially mesenchymal outlet septum becomes muscularized as the result of myocardialization. Myocardialization is defined as the process in which existing cardiomyocytes migrate into flanking mesenchyme. Studies using genetically modified mice, as well as experimental approaches using in vitro models, demonstrate that Wnt and TGFβ signaling play an essential role in the regulation of myocardialization. They also show the significance of the interaction between cardiomyocytes, endocardial derived cells, neural crest cells, and the extracellular matrix. Interestingly, Wnt-mediated non-canonical planar cell polarity signaling was found to be a crucial regulator of myocardialization in the outlet septum and Wnt-mediated canonical β-catenin signaling is an essential regulator of the expansion of mesenchymal cells populating the outflow tract cushions.
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Hoff et al. (2020) conducted a review in Cardiac development. Wnt and TGFβ signaling was evaluated on Regulation of myocardialization. Wnt and TGFβ signaling play an essential role in the regulation of myocardialization during cardiac development, with Wnt-mediated non-canonical planar cell polarity signaling being a crucial regulator.
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