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Plastic spherical shells made by microencapsulation show a surface roughness over modes within the range 7–20, generically termed “the mode 10 problem.” The roughness mode number corresponds with theoretical models of Marangoni convection cells formed during the curing of the initial wet shells. The roughness is removed, by appropriate changes in shell processing conditions, changes guided by the understanding of Marangoni convection.
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McQuillan et al. (2002) studied this question.
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