Natural Phenomena Occurring in the Earth’s Environment via a Prism of MaLAIM Coupling Mechanism

This review paper aims at synthesizing global observations reported by Moiseev (1990), Branover et al. (1999), Kikuchi (1991Kikuchi ( , 2001)), Hayakawa and Molchanov (2002); Pulinets and Boyarchuk (2004), Hayakawa (2007, 2015), Mishin and Streltsov (2022), Pulinets and Herrera (2024), and others, in order to examine the cross-domain coupling within Earth's mantle-lithosphere-atmosphere-ionosphere-magnetosphere (MaLAIM) system.We begin with emphasizing ionospheric manifestations of heterogeneous-Earth and atmosphere processes, because the ionosphere is often the most responsive layer in the MaLAIM chain.Its plasma supports sporadic layers and multiscale irregularities that are routinely detected by ground-based and satellite instruments.We then consider how radiogenic isotopes (e.g., Rn, U, Th, etc.) decay to lighter isotopes and heterogeneous tectonic structures (faults and fractures) in the lithosphere drive gas-dynamic, electrodynamic and thermodynamic processes.These flows, together with infrasound as a lower-branch of acoustic gravity waves (AGWs) generated by near-Earth surface activity, provide efficient coupling pathways between the lithosphere and the atmosphere.The injected gases and waves modify atmospheric thermal structure and conductivity, perturbing the ionization-recombination balance and driving vertical currents into the ionosphere.The resulting forcing of the ionosphere can modulate plasma density and dynamics, producing quasi-periodic irregularities from the E region (~90-120 km) to the F2 layer (~250-400+ km), including sporadic-E and sporadic-F, traveling ionospheric disturbances, and plasma turbulence.We ground our analysis on theory and align each stage with observations, demonstrating the cross-layer coupling.Field measurements suggest radon emanation through lithospheric faults into the atmosphere, accompanied by localized warming of the atmospheric gas (~8-10 °C), ion-molecule cluster formation, and buoyancy-driven turbulent mixing of light gases.Atmospheric measurements further indicate leakage via low-frequency acoustic waves (infrasound), which commonly accompany intense weather systems (cyclones, typhoons, tornadoes).We then examine the AIM (atmosphere-ionospheremagnetosphere) coupling mechanism in the context of earthquake precursors, following Blaunstein (2000), Blaunstein and Hayakawa (2009), and the experiments reported therein.The ionosonde records from the Vrancea seismic zone (Romania, 2008(Romania, -2017) ) show pre-seismic ionospheric stratification consistent with theoretical expectations and previous literatures (e.g., Pulinets & Boyarchuk, 2004;Molchanov & Hayakawa, 2008;Ouzounov et al., 2018;Pulinets & Herrera, 2024).Finally, it is shown that the spectral properties of the natural clutter phenomena in various latitudes of the perturbed ionosphere -polar, northern, middle, equatorial,can be the main of separation of the effects caused by each of them individually that can be observed experimentally with the use of ground-and satellite-based equipment.