Readiness for sensing technologies and data analytics in multi-hazard disaster risk reduction: a case study from Greater Bandung, Indonesia

Greater Metropolitan Bandung, Indonesia, faces escalating disaster risks driven by rapid urbanisation and complex hazard interactions. National DRR and data-governance frameworks are in place, yet adoption of sensing technologies and data analytics remains uneven. This study applies a People/Organisation–Process–Technology (PPT) maturity assessment across five jurisdictions using documentary review and one expert-facilitated, multi-agency focus group discussion. Fourteen equally weighted indicators were scored using a 0–2 evidence-based rubric. Sumedang Regency reaches high maturity (82.1%) through integrated platforms and cross-agency collaboration, while the other four remain in the medium band (46.4–67.9%), with weaknesses in standard operating procedures, metadata governance, and automation. The findings identify fragmented stewardship and incomplete process routines as key constraints on the operational value of existing technological assets. Implementation priorities therefore emphasise integrating existing assets into interoperable information chains. Wider transferability beyond the shared national policy environment requires further empirical testing.