Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis with polyneuropathy (ATTRv-PN): integrating epidemiological insights with diagnostic and therapeutic progress

Background Hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis with polyneuropathy (ATTRv-PN) is a progressive, fatal multisystem disorder characterized by significant genotypic and geographic heterogeneity. Despite recent therapeutic breakthroughs, overlapping clinical features frequently lead to misdiagnosis and delayed intervention. Methods A comprehensive narrative review of the literature was conducted to synthesize recent advancements in the epidemiology, diagnostic workflows, and therapeutic landscape of ATTRv-PN, with an emphasis on clinical translation and multidisciplinary management. Results The epidemiological profile of ATTRv-PN highlights region-specific variant distributions (e.g., p.Val50Met, p.Ala117Ser). The diagnostic paradigm has shifted towards prioritizing early genetic testing and minimally invasive biopsies, complemented by emerging serum biomarkers like neurofilament light chain (NfL) and advanced neuroimaging. Therapeutically, the landscape has been transformed by disease-modifying therapies (DMTs). Gene-silencing agents (siRNAs and ASOs) and TTR stabilizers have demonstrated robust efficacy in halting neuropathy progression. Furthermore, novel modalities, including amyloid-depleting monoclonal antibodies and in vivo CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing therapies, show unprecedented promise in ongoing clinical trials. Conclusions ATTRv-PN has entered an era of precision medicine. Overcoming diagnostic delays through “red-flag” recognition and routine genetic screening is imperative. Early, stage-adapted initiation of DMTs within a multidisciplinary care framework is crucial for optimizing long-term patient outcomes.