Operando Battery Monitoring Using Lab-on-Fiber Optical Sensing Technologies [Measurement Methodology]

Batteries, serving as critical energy storage components for renewable energy systems, have emerged as fundamental infrastructure in global decarbonization strategies. The widespread deployment of electric vehicles and grid-scale energy storage systems has been accompanied by increasing safety concerns, with thermal runaway events posing significant risks to both life and property. These challenges underscore that battery safety represents the primary bottleneck in advancing next-generation energy storage technologies [1]–[3]. Consequently, there is an urgent demand for innovative sensing solutions capable of real-time, in situ monitoring of battery performance parameters, state-of-charge (SOC), and state-of-health (SOH) to enable precise detection of internal physicochemical processes, early warning of potential failure mechanisms, and fundamental understanding of degradation pathways.