The Association Between Psychological Flexibility and Mindfulness: A Meta-Analytic Review

= 92.6%), warranting moderation analyses. Measurement-level moderators (type of psychological flexibility scale, number of items) significantly influenced effect sizes, whereas sample type, age, year, and sample size did not. Subgroup analyses revealed stronger correlations for AAQ-16 and AAO-II compared to other measures, and for FFMQ relative to MAAS. Publication bias analyses indicated no evidence of missing studies, and the trim-and-fill procedure confirmed the robustness of results (r = .44). Psychological flexibility and mindfulness demonstrate a robust positive association across diverse populations and instruments. However, the magnitude of this relationship varies by measurement tools, underscoring the importance of construct operationalization in future research. These findings highlight the interdependence of psychological flexibility and mindfulness within contemporary process-based models of adaptive functioning and suggest that interventions targeting one construct may enhance the other.