Proteomic Analysis of Serum Proteins from Patients with Severe Coronary Artery Calcification

Figures

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  Fig. 1.. Representative image of severe calcified coronary lesions detected by coronary angiography. (a) Controls without coronary artery calcification (non-CAC). (b) Patients with coronary artery calcification (CAC). Red marks indicate severe calcified left anterior descending artery (LAD) lesions detected by x-ray and the corresponding image from coronary computed tomography angiography (CTA).

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  Fig. 2.. Differentially expressed proteins between patients with coronary artery calcification (CAC) and controls. (A) Volcano plot. X-axis represents log2 fold change and Y-axis shows –log10-transformed p values. Red dots indicate upregulated proteins, green dots indicate downregulated proteins, and gray dots represent proteins with no significant change. (B) Hierarchical clustering of the 110 dysregulated proteins. Red colour indicates the upregulated protein expression and blue indicates the downregulated protein expression.

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  Fig. 3.. Gene ontology (GO) analysis of the differentially expressed proteins between patients with coronary artery calcification (CAC) and controls. GO function consist of biological process (BP), molecular function (MF) and cellular component (CC). The Y-axis represents the number of different proteins under each functional classification. The color gradient reflects the size of the p value (p < 0.05). The label at the top of the bar graph shows rich fator ≤1, and the enrichment factor represents the ratio of the number of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) over the total number of proteins in each category.

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  Fig. 4.. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis of the differentially expressed proteins between patients with coronary artery calcification (CAC) and controls. The bubble color represents significant p value, the bubble size represents the number of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) in the pathway. The X-axis is rich factor representing the ratio of DEPs over the total number of proteins in each pathway.

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  Fig. 5.. Validation of candidate serum proteins in an independent cohort. (A) ELISA validation of six candidate serum proteins (C5, C6, C7, FGG, PKM2, and TPM4) in 50 patients with severe coronary artery calcification and 50 matched controls. Data are presented as mean values ± standard deviation(SD). (B) The diagnostic performances of C5, FGG, PKM, and TPM4 by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis.