The electron micrographs of crystalline specimens are taken by placing the aperture of the objective lens at various positions. Extinction contours, equal-thickness fringes and dislocation images are observed under a condition that none of the coherent waves–the transmitted and diffracted waves–enters the aperture. This implies that the above contrast effects are formed by incoherent waves which are neglected in current theories of diffraction contrast.
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Kamiya et al. (1961) studied this question.
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