Research progress on the differential distribution of polyphenols in dietary matrices and their mechanisms in the treatment of chronic noncommunicable diseases

Chronic noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for about 74% of all deaths and posing a significant public health challenge. Polyphenols, a class of plant chemicals with diverse biological activities, have shown significant potential in preventing and managing NCDs. This review summarizes the current status of polyphenol intake in diets across different regions worldwide. It systematically analyzes the content, types, and distribution of polyphenols in major dietary sources. Additionally, the review summarizes the latest research that reveals an association between polyphenol intake and a reduced risk of various NCDs. The paper focuses on the key biological activities of polyphenols and their regulatory mechanisms, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, anticancer, metabolic disease regulation, neuroprotective, and cardiovascular protective effects. These findings provide the scientific basis for the development of polyphenol-rich functional foods and the formulation of precise nutritional intervention strategies. Finally, the article discusses the main challenges currently faced in polyphenol research and outlines future research directions and application prospects.