Arterial Velocity Pulse Index as a Novel Marker of Atherosclerosis Using Pulse Wave Analysis on High Sensitivity Troponin T in Hypertensive Patients

Figures

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  Figure 1. The measurement theory of AVI. (a) indicates normal pattern pulse wave pattern, and (b) indicates abnormal pulse wave pattern by increase of arterial reflection wave. AVI is automatically calculated as 20 × (Vr /Vf), wherein Vf is the first peak of the differentiated waveform between pulse wave and time and Vr is the absolute value of the bottom of the valley of differentiated waveforms between pulse wave and time. The systolic latter waveform rapidly increases and decreases in response to the reflected wave. However, the initial waveform is not influenced by the reflected wave. Vf reflects the initial waveform, and Vr reflects the decreased waveform. Therefore, as waves reflections increase, AVI increases in parallel with the increase in Vr unlike the normal pulse wave pattern. hs-cTnT: high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T; BP: blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; IRI: immunoreactive insulin; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; d-ROMs: derivatives of reactive oxygen…

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  Figure 2. Histogram of AVI values. AVI ranged from 11 to 49, and the median value was 28. The distribution AVI was nearly normal. hs-cTnT: high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T; BP: blood pressure; FBG: fasting blood glucose; IRI: immunoreactive insulin; HOMA-IR: homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance; LDL: low-density lipoprotein; HDL: high-density lipoprotein; eGFR: estimated glomerular filtration rate; BNP: brain natriuretic peptide; hs-CRP: high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; d-ROMs: derivatives of reactive oxygen metabolites; AVI: arterial velocity pulse index; CCB: calcium channel blocker; RAS: renin-angiotensin system.